No significant global warming since 1995
by Jarl R. Ahlbeck The writer is D.Sc. and lecturer at Abo Akademi University, Finland 25.10.2008
Keywords: Global Warming
The recovery of the earth's climate from the little ice age started about 200 years ago, but the concentration of the atmospheric carbon dioxide started to increase significantly as late as in the 1950s, probably due to rapidly increased burning of fossil fuels.
The climate recovery is still an ongoing process today. A natural warming rate of roughly 0.5 deg C /100 years has been the baseline for more than 100 years, but both short (a few years) and long (20 years) fluctuations around the baseline have occurred for natural but highly speculative reasons, for example a rapid warming in the 1930s followed by a cooling period, and recently again warming until about 1998.
According to the UK climate panel IPCC, this last warming period has been forced by increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. There is however no proof of that and the theory of how carbon dioxide influences the global mean temperature is complicated and unreliable. And if the global temperature again starts to increase slower than the natural long-term trend of 0.5 deg C/100 years, or even starts to cool, we can be quite certain that the recent faster warming trends have been natural too.
It has been widely discussed if the satellite-derived global temperature measurements that show only little warming should be more reliable than the temperatures obtained on the ground that show more warming. But after 1995 both sources show about the same, (see graphs below drawn from Hadley-data (ground) and satellite data (NASA)).
A good reason to start a diagram from 1995 is that since that year no big (cooling) volcano eruptions have disturbed the temperature trend. Contrary to common belief, there has been no or little global warming since 1995 and this is shown by two completely independent datasets.
The curves look very normal and it seems probable that the natural recovery from the little ice age has went on without any significant decelerations or accelerations caused by human activity.
It is impossible to say what is going to happen in the future. But so far, real measurements give no ground for concern about a catastrophic future warming.
Tuesday, January 13, 2009
GW nuts looking more foolish every day.
Next time you pick up a National Geographic notice how scientists working at the South Pole build building on top of twenty-foot-high pipes. This is because the ice is growing at a rate of five feet a year. They get five years out of a structure before they have to dig down to get inside. Imagine 500-feet more ice in only 100 years.
At the North Pole the ice sheets over the Arctic Ocean grew in 2007. This year 2008 a record cold summer and winter has caused them to grow even more. The real danger to the polar bear is freezing to death and the ice being too thick for the seals to create breathing holes.
Anchorage and Fairbanks Alaska both suffered through the longest 21-day cold snap in over 100 years.
Record Cold Winter Requires Even Scarier, More Draconian Response
Posted by Bill Hennessy on March 10, 2008 under Satire.
Washinton, DC — The record cold temperatures and heavy snow in Asia and North America have prompted earth scientists to invent a whole new demand: zero carbon emissions.
Citing a new generation of computer models, based on scientific speculation that only a decade ago was considered too outlandish to pull off, scientists now claim that even physical exercise is too dangerous and must be banned.
“The steam that rises from a Starbuck’s coffee contains enough greenhouse gases to kill three polar bears and wipe out a village in Sri Lanka,” said Dr. Phillip Hensen, a geophysicist with the Godlike Space Studies program at NASA. “We must eliminate all greenhouse gases by July 2008, or we might as well launch every nuclear ballistic missile in all the arsenals in the world.”
Soccer moms around the country agree, and in Town and Country, Missouri, they’re taking action.
“I put a ‘Save the Planet: Park Your Car and Walk’ bumpersticker on my Escalade,” Melinda Carson told Hennessy’s Review. “We use E84 or 85, whatever it is, gasoline because it reduces America’s dependence on foreign carbon and saves polar bears.”
Earth scientist Patti Goebels, an associate professor at Land o Lakes Community College, applauds efforts like Ms. Carson’s. “I mean, anything we can do is great. Of course, we really need Congress to ban all carbon emissions and anything that puts off heat. Otherwise, all the polar bears will die, and even Minnesota will be hot and humid.”
Asked about the record cold winter in much of North America and Asia, Hensen said it’s just more evidence of the validity of the greenhouse theory.
“You have quadrillions of molecules of greenhouse gases trapped in the atmosphere. Of course, it’s going to cause colder winters in the northern hemisphere and colder summers in the southern hemisphere. Have you ever sprayed yourself with a CO2 fire extinguisher? All the models predicted this.”
Hensen took the opportunity to attack global warming skeptics. “These people, some of whom claim to be scientists, who say ‘this is just a scare tactic to win grant money’ are actually all employed by the big oil companies. They get paid to lie about the effects of greenhouse gases by the people who hate polar bears and Sri Lanka.”
Democrat candidate for President, Barack Obama, responded quickly to the report. “I will do whatever it takes to save the polar bear. Hillary Clinton could have saved the polar bear when her husband was president. Instead, she slept with strangers in the Lincoln Bedroom for a thousand dollars a night. ” UPDATE: Better global warming satire. Calvin Dude
At the North Pole the ice sheets over the Arctic Ocean grew in 2007. This year 2008 a record cold summer and winter has caused them to grow even more. The real danger to the polar bear is freezing to death and the ice being too thick for the seals to create breathing holes.
Anchorage and Fairbanks Alaska both suffered through the longest 21-day cold snap in over 100 years.
Record Cold Winter Requires Even Scarier, More Draconian Response
Posted by Bill Hennessy on March 10, 2008 under Satire.
Washinton, DC — The record cold temperatures and heavy snow in Asia and North America have prompted earth scientists to invent a whole new demand: zero carbon emissions.
Citing a new generation of computer models, based on scientific speculation that only a decade ago was considered too outlandish to pull off, scientists now claim that even physical exercise is too dangerous and must be banned.
“The steam that rises from a Starbuck’s coffee contains enough greenhouse gases to kill three polar bears and wipe out a village in Sri Lanka,” said Dr. Phillip Hensen, a geophysicist with the Godlike Space Studies program at NASA. “We must eliminate all greenhouse gases by July 2008, or we might as well launch every nuclear ballistic missile in all the arsenals in the world.”
Soccer moms around the country agree, and in Town and Country, Missouri, they’re taking action.
“I put a ‘Save the Planet: Park Your Car and Walk’ bumpersticker on my Escalade,” Melinda Carson told Hennessy’s Review. “We use E84 or 85, whatever it is, gasoline because it reduces America’s dependence on foreign carbon and saves polar bears.”
Earth scientist Patti Goebels, an associate professor at Land o Lakes Community College, applauds efforts like Ms. Carson’s. “I mean, anything we can do is great. Of course, we really need Congress to ban all carbon emissions and anything that puts off heat. Otherwise, all the polar bears will die, and even Minnesota will be hot and humid.”
Asked about the record cold winter in much of North America and Asia, Hensen said it’s just more evidence of the validity of the greenhouse theory.
“You have quadrillions of molecules of greenhouse gases trapped in the atmosphere. Of course, it’s going to cause colder winters in the northern hemisphere and colder summers in the southern hemisphere. Have you ever sprayed yourself with a CO2 fire extinguisher? All the models predicted this.”
Hensen took the opportunity to attack global warming skeptics. “These people, some of whom claim to be scientists, who say ‘this is just a scare tactic to win grant money’ are actually all employed by the big oil companies. They get paid to lie about the effects of greenhouse gases by the people who hate polar bears and Sri Lanka.”
Democrat candidate for President, Barack Obama, responded quickly to the report. “I will do whatever it takes to save the polar bear. Hillary Clinton could have saved the polar bear when her husband was president. Instead, she slept with strangers in the Lincoln Bedroom for a thousand dollars a night. ” UPDATE: Better global warming satire. Calvin Dude
Sunday, January 4, 2009
COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES
Hank Kroll and Brad Guth solved the greatest mystery of all time, “the meaning of life.”
Everyone needs to read this book to more fully appreciate the celebration that is life.
After our sun was born in Orion three billion years passed and the planets were formed. Tiny Earth was in an Ice Age for one billion years. Eventually we drifted between the ancient two-solar-mass, stars Sirius and Procyon. Little Sirius B that orbits Sirius A every 54 years is an object the size of the Earth with 1.5 times the gravity of our sun matched our velocity and put us in orbit around Sirius A. Our Sun’s fortunate capture by the Sirius system took Earth out of the billion-year Ice Age with additional light and heat. It took the power of a white dwarf star to break through early Earth’s 1000+ PSI atmosphere and get life started on the surface of the waters.
This is the only possible explanation for how we got here besides having God instantly create everything which is a stretch for thinking people. I am not saying he didn’t have a hand in it.
The average temperature on Earth is currently 32 degrees which means we are still in an Ice Age. At the present time our sun doesn’t have enough power to keep us out of Ice Ages let alone penetrate a 1000 PSI Co2 atmosphere to get life started! During all previous geologic ages when the majority of the coal, oil and limestone were made from Co2, Earth’s average temperature was 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Three million years ago the stellar explosion that created Barnard’s Loop blasted our sun into an elliptical orbit where we now go out to nine light years from Sirius below the galactic plane.
Co2 is plant food! Without Co2 everything on the planet dies and you can’t grow food. Our atmosphere is depleted to .033 % Co2 and our government wants to take your tax dollars to pump it underground????
Given the fact that 99% of our atmosphere is gone and the major producer of free oxygen, “diatoms” are disappearing; will humans keep on burning things until there is no oxygen left? We need to get a handle on this and start using sources of energy that don’t consume oxygen like geothermal, solar, wind and tide.
This book is about the conscious enlightenment of humanity necessary to save itself from extinction. www.GuardDogBooks.com www.AlaskaPublishing.com
Everyone needs to read this book to more fully appreciate the celebration that is life.
After our sun was born in Orion three billion years passed and the planets were formed. Tiny Earth was in an Ice Age for one billion years. Eventually we drifted between the ancient two-solar-mass, stars Sirius and Procyon. Little Sirius B that orbits Sirius A every 54 years is an object the size of the Earth with 1.5 times the gravity of our sun matched our velocity and put us in orbit around Sirius A. Our Sun’s fortunate capture by the Sirius system took Earth out of the billion-year Ice Age with additional light and heat. It took the power of a white dwarf star to break through early Earth’s 1000+ PSI atmosphere and get life started on the surface of the waters.
This is the only possible explanation for how we got here besides having God instantly create everything which is a stretch for thinking people. I am not saying he didn’t have a hand in it.
The average temperature on Earth is currently 32 degrees which means we are still in an Ice Age. At the present time our sun doesn’t have enough power to keep us out of Ice Ages let alone penetrate a 1000 PSI Co2 atmosphere to get life started! During all previous geologic ages when the majority of the coal, oil and limestone were made from Co2, Earth’s average temperature was 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Three million years ago the stellar explosion that created Barnard’s Loop blasted our sun into an elliptical orbit where we now go out to nine light years from Sirius below the galactic plane.
Co2 is plant food! Without Co2 everything on the planet dies and you can’t grow food. Our atmosphere is depleted to .033 % Co2 and our government wants to take your tax dollars to pump it underground????
Given the fact that 99% of our atmosphere is gone and the major producer of free oxygen, “diatoms” are disappearing; will humans keep on burning things until there is no oxygen left? We need to get a handle on this and start using sources of energy that don’t consume oxygen like geothermal, solar, wind and tide.
This book is about the conscious enlightenment of humanity necessary to save itself from extinction. www.GuardDogBooks.com www.AlaskaPublishing.com
Saturday, December 27, 2008
Dire threats to human life and existence.
CHANCES OF BIG BRESTED WOMEN ON OTHER PLANETS VERY REMOTE INDEED!
Consider yourself lucky!
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar predicted while a very young man in the 1930s that there was a limiting mass for white dwarf stars: no white dwarf could be stable against gravitational collapse if it exceeded this mass, which is about 1.4—1.5 solar masses depending on detailed composition of the white dwarf. The idea was not very well received by many established astronomers, who considered it absurd that a white dwarf could have a limiting mass.
Much later Chandrasekhar’s brilliant idea was completely accepted within the astrophysics community and he eventually won a Nobel Prize for his deep theoretical contributions to astrophysics. Today all textbooks on stars describe the Chandrasekhar Limiting Mass for white dwarfs as central to the structure of white dwarfs.
We currently are traveling toward Sirius A and little Sirius B at 7.5 kilometers per second. It orbits Sirius A at 20 Earth distances (20AU) every 54 years. Its orbit is quite elliptical so from time to time it gets close enough to sucks material off from Sirius A. This is a generally accepted as fact by the astronomical community due to Sirius B’s tremendous gravity and close proximity to Sirius A.
At 1.5 solar masses and 8.5 light years distant Sirius B is quite close in size to the Chandrasekhar limit. If it were to suddenly take on enough additional mass from Sirius A we can forget all about our wordily problems as Sirius B would suddenly go neutron. That would be an event several orders of magnitude above going postal.
The Earth takes in 40,000 tons of material from space each year. How many tons per years does the Sun take in? To discover the answer you would multiply the number of Earth surface areas on the Sun times 40,000 tons. It is a big number. Could it be that the incoming material to the sun is keeping it burning hotter? Is the incoming material prolonging the life of our Sun? Yes and yes.
Sirius B being 1.4 to 1.5 solar masses is producing about 100 times more invisible ultraviolet light than our sun in the 350 to 400 nanometer range conducive to plant growth. Dropping a few metric tons of material in there would cause a burst of light several hundred times more intense than the output of our Sun. According to mainstream science when you drop a marshmallow into a neutron star it puts out the equivalent energy of both atomic bombs America dropped on Japan.
Tell the globalists to cool it with regard to exterminating human populations and re-wilding the Earth. Mother Nature will do the job for them anyway. A good sized solar flare could wipe out most of the population on Earth.
Every 27-million years 60% to 90% of all life on the planet is wiped out. David Rupp and Jack Septowski of the University of Chicago cataloged all major extinctions dating back hundreds of million of years to discover that they occur in regular cycles every 27-million years.
Their theory is that there is some kind of black body that enters our solar system disrupting the Oort cloud and asteroid belt sending meteorites in to kill us.
Another explanation is that a great pulse comes out of the center of the Galaxy at regular intervals every 27-million years. We have no idea of what a precarious situation we are in and the fact that we are alive and surviving under such circumstances is a miracle. Due to our unique situation regarding how life was nurtured by invisible light from multiple star systems and the extreme chances of a similar circumstance happening by chance it makes the possibility of intelligent life on other planets very remote indeed---especially big busted women.
Beside all of the above threats to our existence on Earth, Betelgeuse, a 1000 solar mass star is sitting there between us and Orion waiting to blow and rearrange this part of the galaxy. If such an event were to occur humans and animals would have to go underground to survive the burst of radiation.
My book: COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES describes the birthplace of our sun in Orion and its capture by the Sirius multiple star system that took Earth out of a billion-year Ice Age. The intense light from Sirius B is the only thing in the area that could possibly have pierced early Earth’s 1000+PSI, atmosphere to get life started. We don’t know how lucky we are—and who is to say somebody didn’t arrange it and is watching over us?
www.GuardDogBooks.com & www.AlaskaPublishing.com
Consider yourself lucky!
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar predicted while a very young man in the 1930s that there was a limiting mass for white dwarf stars: no white dwarf could be stable against gravitational collapse if it exceeded this mass, which is about 1.4—1.5 solar masses depending on detailed composition of the white dwarf. The idea was not very well received by many established astronomers, who considered it absurd that a white dwarf could have a limiting mass.
Much later Chandrasekhar’s brilliant idea was completely accepted within the astrophysics community and he eventually won a Nobel Prize for his deep theoretical contributions to astrophysics. Today all textbooks on stars describe the Chandrasekhar Limiting Mass for white dwarfs as central to the structure of white dwarfs.
We currently are traveling toward Sirius A and little Sirius B at 7.5 kilometers per second. It orbits Sirius A at 20 Earth distances (20AU) every 54 years. Its orbit is quite elliptical so from time to time it gets close enough to sucks material off from Sirius A. This is a generally accepted as fact by the astronomical community due to Sirius B’s tremendous gravity and close proximity to Sirius A.
At 1.5 solar masses and 8.5 light years distant Sirius B is quite close in size to the Chandrasekhar limit. If it were to suddenly take on enough additional mass from Sirius A we can forget all about our wordily problems as Sirius B would suddenly go neutron. That would be an event several orders of magnitude above going postal.
The Earth takes in 40,000 tons of material from space each year. How many tons per years does the Sun take in? To discover the answer you would multiply the number of Earth surface areas on the Sun times 40,000 tons. It is a big number. Could it be that the incoming material to the sun is keeping it burning hotter? Is the incoming material prolonging the life of our Sun? Yes and yes.
Sirius B being 1.4 to 1.5 solar masses is producing about 100 times more invisible ultraviolet light than our sun in the 350 to 400 nanometer range conducive to plant growth. Dropping a few metric tons of material in there would cause a burst of light several hundred times more intense than the output of our Sun. According to mainstream science when you drop a marshmallow into a neutron star it puts out the equivalent energy of both atomic bombs America dropped on Japan.
Tell the globalists to cool it with regard to exterminating human populations and re-wilding the Earth. Mother Nature will do the job for them anyway. A good sized solar flare could wipe out most of the population on Earth.
Every 27-million years 60% to 90% of all life on the planet is wiped out. David Rupp and Jack Septowski of the University of Chicago cataloged all major extinctions dating back hundreds of million of years to discover that they occur in regular cycles every 27-million years.
Their theory is that there is some kind of black body that enters our solar system disrupting the Oort cloud and asteroid belt sending meteorites in to kill us.
Another explanation is that a great pulse comes out of the center of the Galaxy at regular intervals every 27-million years. We have no idea of what a precarious situation we are in and the fact that we are alive and surviving under such circumstances is a miracle. Due to our unique situation regarding how life was nurtured by invisible light from multiple star systems and the extreme chances of a similar circumstance happening by chance it makes the possibility of intelligent life on other planets very remote indeed---especially big busted women.
Beside all of the above threats to our existence on Earth, Betelgeuse, a 1000 solar mass star is sitting there between us and Orion waiting to blow and rearrange this part of the galaxy. If such an event were to occur humans and animals would have to go underground to survive the burst of radiation.
My book: COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES describes the birthplace of our sun in Orion and its capture by the Sirius multiple star system that took Earth out of a billion-year Ice Age. The intense light from Sirius B is the only thing in the area that could possibly have pierced early Earth’s 1000+PSI, atmosphere to get life started. We don’t know how lucky we are—and who is to say somebody didn’t arrange it and is watching over us?
www.GuardDogBooks.com & www.AlaskaPublishing.com
Saturday, December 20, 2008
How the celebration we call life got started.
HOW NONCYCLIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS JUMPSTARTED LIFE, HILLARY CLINTON AND EVERYTHING THAT FILLS A NICH.
True plants use carbon dioxide and water (along with nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil) to make organic compounds and produce oxygen as a waste product. When the plant needs to use any of the energy it stored, it uses oxygen to “burn” its fuel, generating water and carbon dioxide as byproducts of that process.
To take advantage of the energy stored in the plants, animals eat the plants directly or eat other animals that do. Like the plants, they use oxygen during metabolism and produce waste water and carbon dioxide. Both plants and animals need additional water for a variety of functions: For example, the transport of nutrients up from the roots is powered by the evaporation of water from the leaves and animals use water to regulate temperature through evaporative cooling and to dispose waste products. A small fraction of the earth’s living things are anaerobic or harvest inorganic chemical energy, and so do not fit into this cycle.
ENERGY CYCLE IN PLANTS
The photon energy: “sunlight” activates electrons, which are removed from the chlorophyll before they can reemit that energy. These “excited” electrons are used to charge a membrane battery, which is used to make the energy transfer compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the process the energized electrons, having been activated days or even years earlier, lose their energy and are discarded in energy poor carbon dioxide. The ATP is used as a carrier for the electron energy. Every organism faced nutrient poor conditions and so for every 99.9 percent of new life forms that evolved only one-tenth of one percent survived while all the rest are now extinct. --James L. Gould, Carol Grant Gould
It was the unique property of water with two hydrogen atoms each with a positive charge and one oxygen atom with a negative charge referred to as nonpolar molecules that allow weak electro static associations (hydrogen bonds). Their unique geometry allowed the self-repairing, bilayer membrane of the living cell. Modern cells protect themselves from the environment with bilayer membranes to which specific chemical doors and pumps have been added to help control molecular in-and-out traffic.
Hydrogen Cyanide, for example, is readily formed from ammonia and methane and then converted into the nucleotide adenine, which is also the backbone of ATP. –Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, By Richard E. Di ckerson; Scientific American, September, 1978
Many meteorites and comets contain abundant inorganically formed organic compounds. Natural selection must have been at work from the very onset, favoring liposomes with the most useful chemistry favoring those with the most useful building blocks and excluding those that might be toxic. At this point in time most organisms were autotrophs—that is, creatures that took energy or energy-rich materials from the nonliving world around them—as apposed to heterotrophs, which eat other organisms (you).
The next step in the evolution of living organisms was the development of cyclic photosynthesis—cyclic because the electron energized by an incoming photon from the sun is quickly returned to the chlorophyll molecule from which it came. Chlorophyll is embedded in a membrane along with the enzymes that steal the activated electron and harvest its energy; that energy is used to charge the membrane, and the electrostatic potential created is later employed to make ATP.
It takes about two photons to charge the membrane; enough to make one ATP, and since photons are free, life must suddenly have been released from dependence on inorganic nutrients synthesis: with photosynthesis! Suddenly there was enough ATP to generate nutrients from simple chemicals like carbon dioxide and ammonia!!! There are still bacteria that employ only cyclic photosynthesis.
There still wasn’t enough ATP available to store large supplies of sugars and starches to give evolution a much needed boost so nature invented the noncyclic process which created eight times more ATP than the cyclic process. In that process the electron energy is boosted in two steps, and so much extra charging and other work is wrung from its energy that eight ATP’s can be made from two activated electrons because the electron is not returned to the chlorophyll but is handed to an energy-storage molecule instead; the missing electron is obtained by splitting water, which generates oxygen as a waste product.
To put it another way, the electron end up in a multipurpose energy compound that can be used directly to power carbon fixation to charge the membrane for subsequent ATP production. The missing electron in the first chlorophyll is replaced with one obtained by splitting water, a process that liberates oxygen.
Most photoautotrophs (all true plants) use the more efficient noncyclic process with the eight-fold increase in energy production.
Because eight times more ATP was being produced by all the plants they were able to create more energy storage in the form of carbon-based, starches and sugars. The noncyclic process not only created more free oxygen it also allowed millions of other life forms to evolve to feed on the extra, eight-fold energy created by this process. This is why we have coal, oil and limestone on Earth plus myriads of other oxygen-breathing animals like Hillary Clinton.
--The Assembly of Cell Membranes by Mark S. Bretscher; Scientific American, October 1985
--The Photosynthetic Membrane by By Kenneth R. Miller Scientific American, October 1979
--Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis by Douglas C Youvan and Barry L. Marrs; Scientific American, June 1984
--Cytochrome C and the Evolution of Energy Metabolism, by Richard E. Dickerson, Scientific American, March 1980 Offprint 146
Me: Captain Hank Kroll
True plants use carbon dioxide and water (along with nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil) to make organic compounds and produce oxygen as a waste product. When the plant needs to use any of the energy it stored, it uses oxygen to “burn” its fuel, generating water and carbon dioxide as byproducts of that process.
To take advantage of the energy stored in the plants, animals eat the plants directly or eat other animals that do. Like the plants, they use oxygen during metabolism and produce waste water and carbon dioxide. Both plants and animals need additional water for a variety of functions: For example, the transport of nutrients up from the roots is powered by the evaporation of water from the leaves and animals use water to regulate temperature through evaporative cooling and to dispose waste products. A small fraction of the earth’s living things are anaerobic or harvest inorganic chemical energy, and so do not fit into this cycle.
ENERGY CYCLE IN PLANTS
The photon energy: “sunlight” activates electrons, which are removed from the chlorophyll before they can reemit that energy. These “excited” electrons are used to charge a membrane battery, which is used to make the energy transfer compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the process the energized electrons, having been activated days or even years earlier, lose their energy and are discarded in energy poor carbon dioxide. The ATP is used as a carrier for the electron energy. Every organism faced nutrient poor conditions and so for every 99.9 percent of new life forms that evolved only one-tenth of one percent survived while all the rest are now extinct. --James L. Gould, Carol Grant Gould
It was the unique property of water with two hydrogen atoms each with a positive charge and one oxygen atom with a negative charge referred to as nonpolar molecules that allow weak electro static associations (hydrogen bonds). Their unique geometry allowed the self-repairing, bilayer membrane of the living cell. Modern cells protect themselves from the environment with bilayer membranes to which specific chemical doors and pumps have been added to help control molecular in-and-out traffic.
Hydrogen Cyanide, for example, is readily formed from ammonia and methane and then converted into the nucleotide adenine, which is also the backbone of ATP. –Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, By Richard E. Di ckerson; Scientific American, September, 1978
Many meteorites and comets contain abundant inorganically formed organic compounds. Natural selection must have been at work from the very onset, favoring liposomes with the most useful chemistry favoring those with the most useful building blocks and excluding those that might be toxic. At this point in time most organisms were autotrophs—that is, creatures that took energy or energy-rich materials from the nonliving world around them—as apposed to heterotrophs, which eat other organisms (you).
The next step in the evolution of living organisms was the development of cyclic photosynthesis—cyclic because the electron energized by an incoming photon from the sun is quickly returned to the chlorophyll molecule from which it came. Chlorophyll is embedded in a membrane along with the enzymes that steal the activated electron and harvest its energy; that energy is used to charge the membrane, and the electrostatic potential created is later employed to make ATP.
It takes about two photons to charge the membrane; enough to make one ATP, and since photons are free, life must suddenly have been released from dependence on inorganic nutrients synthesis: with photosynthesis! Suddenly there was enough ATP to generate nutrients from simple chemicals like carbon dioxide and ammonia!!! There are still bacteria that employ only cyclic photosynthesis.
There still wasn’t enough ATP available to store large supplies of sugars and starches to give evolution a much needed boost so nature invented the noncyclic process which created eight times more ATP than the cyclic process. In that process the electron energy is boosted in two steps, and so much extra charging and other work is wrung from its energy that eight ATP’s can be made from two activated electrons because the electron is not returned to the chlorophyll but is handed to an energy-storage molecule instead; the missing electron is obtained by splitting water, which generates oxygen as a waste product.
To put it another way, the electron end up in a multipurpose energy compound that can be used directly to power carbon fixation to charge the membrane for subsequent ATP production. The missing electron in the first chlorophyll is replaced with one obtained by splitting water, a process that liberates oxygen.
Most photoautotrophs (all true plants) use the more efficient noncyclic process with the eight-fold increase in energy production.
Because eight times more ATP was being produced by all the plants they were able to create more energy storage in the form of carbon-based, starches and sugars. The noncyclic process not only created more free oxygen it also allowed millions of other life forms to evolve to feed on the extra, eight-fold energy created by this process. This is why we have coal, oil and limestone on Earth plus myriads of other oxygen-breathing animals like Hillary Clinton.
--The Assembly of Cell Membranes by Mark S. Bretscher; Scientific American, October 1985
--The Photosynthetic Membrane by By Kenneth R. Miller Scientific American, October 1979
--Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis by Douglas C Youvan and Barry L. Marrs; Scientific American, June 1984
--Cytochrome C and the Evolution of Energy Metabolism, by Richard E. Dickerson, Scientific American, March 1980 Offprint 146
Me: Captain Hank Kroll
How did we get all that free oxygen to burn?
WHEN DID EARTH GET A 20.8% OXYGEN-RICH ATMOSPHERE?
It is generally believed that life on Earth probably wouldn’t have developed if the early atmosphere had been oxygen rich. Photosynthesis bacteria were surely not the first living organisms, but the history of life in the period that preceded their appearance is still obscure. What little information can be inferred about early earth is consistent with the idea that the environment was then largely anoxic (without oxygen). One tentative line of evidence rests on the assumption that among organisms living today those that are simplest in structure and in biochemistry are probably the most closely related to the earliest forms of life. Those simplest organisms are bacteria of the clostridal and methanogenic type, and they are all obligate anaerobes.
Somewhat later such bacteria gave rise to the first organisms capable of aerobic photosynthesis, the precursors of modern cynaobacteria. For the anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria the molecular oxygen released by this mutant strain was a toxin, and as a result the aerobic photosynthesizers were able to supplant the anaerobic one in the upper portions of the mat communities. The anerobic species became adapted to the lower parts of the mat, where there is less light but also a lower concentration of oxygen.
The anaerobic nature of bacterial photosynthesis seems to present a paradox: photosynthetic organisms thrive where light is abundant, but such environments are also generally ones having a high concentration of oxygen, which poisons bacterial photosynthesis. These contradictory needs can be explained if it is assumed that anaerobic photosynthesis evolved among primitive bacteria early in the Precambrian, when the atmosphere was essentially anoxic. The photosynthesizers could thus have lived in mat-like communities in shallow water and in full sunlight.
The several groups of photosynthetic bacteria differ from one another in their pigmentation, but they are alike in one important respect: unlike the photosynthesis of cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, all bacterial photosynthesis is a totally anaerobic process. Oxygen is not given off as a byproduct of the reaction, and the photosynthesis cannot proceed in the presence of oxygen. Whereas oxygen appears to be a requirement of green plants for the synthesis of chlorophyll, oxygen inhibits the synthesis of bacteriochlorophylls.
It is argued that oxygen must have been freely available by the time the first eukaryotic cells appeared, probably 1,400 to 1,500 million years ago. Hence, the proliferation of cyanobacteria that released the oxygen must have take place earlier in the Precambrian. How much earlier remains a question. The best available evidence bearing on this issue comes from the study of sedimentary minerals, some of which may have been influenced by the concentration of free oxygen at the time they were deposited. In recent years a number of workers have investigated this possibility, most notably Preston E. Cloud, Jr., of the University of California at Santa Barbara and the U. S. Geologic Survey.
One mineral of significance in this argument is uraninite (UO2), which is found in several deposits that were laid down in Precambrian streambeds. In the presence of oxygen, grains of uraninite are readily oxidized to U3O8 and are thereby dissolved. David E. Grandstaff of Temple University has shown that streambed deposits of the mineral probably could not have accumulated if the concentration of oxygen was greater than about 1 percent. Uraninite-bearing deposits of this type are found in deposits older than about two billion years but not in younger strata, suggesting that the transition in oxygen concentration may have come at about that time.
The most intriguing mineral evidence for the date of the oxygen transition comes from another kind of iron-rich deposit; the banded iron formation. These deposits include some tens of billions of tons of iron in the form of oxides embedded in a silica-rich matrix; they are the world’s chief economic reserves of iron. A major fraction of them was deposited within a comparatively brief period of a few hundred-million years beginning some what earlier than two billion years ago. That would have been a time when the earth was cooling after the planet building phase.
A transition in oxygen concentration could explain the major episode of iron sedimentation through the following hypothetical sequence of events. In a primitive, anoxic ocean, iron existed in the ferrous state (that is, with a valence of +2) and in that form was soluble in seawater. With the development of aerobic photosynthesis small concentrations of oxygen began diffusing into the upper portions of the ocean, where it reacted with the dissolved iron. The iron was thereby converted to the ferric form (with a valence of +3) and as a result hydrous ferric oxides were precipitated and accumulated with silica to form rusty layers on the ocean floor. As the process continued virtually al the dissolved iron in the ocean basins was precipitated: in a matter of a few hundred million years as the world’s oceans rusted. Could this have been a time when our solar system entered an area of space with a salt cloud? Does the Oort cloud and Kippier belt of the Sirius system contain salt?
In my book, Cosmological Ice Ages I propose that our solar system was captured by Sirius binary system at about that time 700-million years ago thereby imparting additional ultraviolet light to earth which would release more oxygen into the atmosphere with increased photosynthesis. It would have taken the power of a White Dwarf star to break through early earth’s thousand-pound per square inch-thick atmosphere to get oxygen producing plants to grow. During the Precambrian the sun didn’t burn nearly as hot as it does today. Any suggestion that our sun is solely responsible for all the biological-deposited layers on earth isn’t taking into consideration the higher atmospheric pressures and the fact that Earth had previously been in an Ice Age for over one billion years.
Fossil stromatolites first became abundant in sediments deposited about 2,300 million years ago, shortly before the major episode of iron-ore deposition. It is therefore possible that the first widespread appearance of stromatolites might mark the origin and the earliest diversification of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria. Even at that early date the cynaobacteria would probably have released oxygen at a high rate, but for several hundred million years the iron dissolved in the oceans would have served as a buffer for the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere, reacting with the gas and precipitating it as ferric oxides almost as quickly as it was generated.
One thing the scientist may have missed here is the fact that iron and dust from space during the Precambrian planet-building phase near our sun’s birthplace in Orion may account for some of the dissolved iron in the oceans. After our sun was captured by the Sirius trinary (multiple star-system) it passed through several oort clouds that may have imparted additional iron and salt to fertilize Earth’s oceans. The salt would have sped up the oxidation of the iron. Scientist aren’t sure where all the salt came from on earth and our capture by the Sirius and Procyon multiple star cluster would explain it.
Sirius B was a six-solar-mass star before it shrunk down into a white dwarf of 1.5 solar masses. That means there was 4.5 solar masses of iron and other material injected into the surrounding oort cloud of Sirius A. In addition Procyon B, currently 10.4 light years away also injected considerable iron into the neighborhood. Of course none of these stellar explosions could have happened while our sun was in the neighborhood otherwise we wouldn’t be here.
Only when our solar system traveled away from its birthplace in Orion and the oceans had been swept free of unoxidized iron and similar material would the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere have begun to rise toward modern levels.
Much still remains uncertain regarding the evidence from the fossil record. Modern biochemistry from geology and mineralogy make possible a tentative outline for the history of Precambrian life.
Much is also uncertain about the fossil record of human evolution as well. After the mapping of the human genome scientists noticed large segments of human DNA that seemed totally unrelated to the development of a human—that is, until they started to compare these segments with other animals. They experienced the most astounding thing—the shock of a lifetime. Segments of the so-called “junk DNA” were identical to pig, cow, horse and even bacterial DNA. Humans obviously evolved on this planet and are related to most every animal on the planet including bacteria. Without bacteria we couldn’t digest our food. We carry around billions of bacteria in order to live. We share a symbiotic relationship with most everything on Earth—especially the diatoms which at the major producer of free oxygen.
It is generally believed that life on Earth probably wouldn’t have developed if the early atmosphere had been oxygen rich. Photosynthesis bacteria were surely not the first living organisms, but the history of life in the period that preceded their appearance is still obscure. What little information can be inferred about early earth is consistent with the idea that the environment was then largely anoxic (without oxygen). One tentative line of evidence rests on the assumption that among organisms living today those that are simplest in structure and in biochemistry are probably the most closely related to the earliest forms of life. Those simplest organisms are bacteria of the clostridal and methanogenic type, and they are all obligate anaerobes.
Somewhat later such bacteria gave rise to the first organisms capable of aerobic photosynthesis, the precursors of modern cynaobacteria. For the anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria the molecular oxygen released by this mutant strain was a toxin, and as a result the aerobic photosynthesizers were able to supplant the anaerobic one in the upper portions of the mat communities. The anerobic species became adapted to the lower parts of the mat, where there is less light but also a lower concentration of oxygen.
The anaerobic nature of bacterial photosynthesis seems to present a paradox: photosynthetic organisms thrive where light is abundant, but such environments are also generally ones having a high concentration of oxygen, which poisons bacterial photosynthesis. These contradictory needs can be explained if it is assumed that anaerobic photosynthesis evolved among primitive bacteria early in the Precambrian, when the atmosphere was essentially anoxic. The photosynthesizers could thus have lived in mat-like communities in shallow water and in full sunlight.
The several groups of photosynthetic bacteria differ from one another in their pigmentation, but they are alike in one important respect: unlike the photosynthesis of cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, all bacterial photosynthesis is a totally anaerobic process. Oxygen is not given off as a byproduct of the reaction, and the photosynthesis cannot proceed in the presence of oxygen. Whereas oxygen appears to be a requirement of green plants for the synthesis of chlorophyll, oxygen inhibits the synthesis of bacteriochlorophylls.
It is argued that oxygen must have been freely available by the time the first eukaryotic cells appeared, probably 1,400 to 1,500 million years ago. Hence, the proliferation of cyanobacteria that released the oxygen must have take place earlier in the Precambrian. How much earlier remains a question. The best available evidence bearing on this issue comes from the study of sedimentary minerals, some of which may have been influenced by the concentration of free oxygen at the time they were deposited. In recent years a number of workers have investigated this possibility, most notably Preston E. Cloud, Jr., of the University of California at Santa Barbara and the U. S. Geologic Survey.
One mineral of significance in this argument is uraninite (UO2), which is found in several deposits that were laid down in Precambrian streambeds. In the presence of oxygen, grains of uraninite are readily oxidized to U3O8 and are thereby dissolved. David E. Grandstaff of Temple University has shown that streambed deposits of the mineral probably could not have accumulated if the concentration of oxygen was greater than about 1 percent. Uraninite-bearing deposits of this type are found in deposits older than about two billion years but not in younger strata, suggesting that the transition in oxygen concentration may have come at about that time.
The most intriguing mineral evidence for the date of the oxygen transition comes from another kind of iron-rich deposit; the banded iron formation. These deposits include some tens of billions of tons of iron in the form of oxides embedded in a silica-rich matrix; they are the world’s chief economic reserves of iron. A major fraction of them was deposited within a comparatively brief period of a few hundred-million years beginning some what earlier than two billion years ago. That would have been a time when the earth was cooling after the planet building phase.
A transition in oxygen concentration could explain the major episode of iron sedimentation through the following hypothetical sequence of events. In a primitive, anoxic ocean, iron existed in the ferrous state (that is, with a valence of +2) and in that form was soluble in seawater. With the development of aerobic photosynthesis small concentrations of oxygen began diffusing into the upper portions of the ocean, where it reacted with the dissolved iron. The iron was thereby converted to the ferric form (with a valence of +3) and as a result hydrous ferric oxides were precipitated and accumulated with silica to form rusty layers on the ocean floor. As the process continued virtually al the dissolved iron in the ocean basins was precipitated: in a matter of a few hundred million years as the world’s oceans rusted. Could this have been a time when our solar system entered an area of space with a salt cloud? Does the Oort cloud and Kippier belt of the Sirius system contain salt?
In my book, Cosmological Ice Ages I propose that our solar system was captured by Sirius binary system at about that time 700-million years ago thereby imparting additional ultraviolet light to earth which would release more oxygen into the atmosphere with increased photosynthesis. It would have taken the power of a White Dwarf star to break through early earth’s thousand-pound per square inch-thick atmosphere to get oxygen producing plants to grow. During the Precambrian the sun didn’t burn nearly as hot as it does today. Any suggestion that our sun is solely responsible for all the biological-deposited layers on earth isn’t taking into consideration the higher atmospheric pressures and the fact that Earth had previously been in an Ice Age for over one billion years.
Fossil stromatolites first became abundant in sediments deposited about 2,300 million years ago, shortly before the major episode of iron-ore deposition. It is therefore possible that the first widespread appearance of stromatolites might mark the origin and the earliest diversification of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria. Even at that early date the cynaobacteria would probably have released oxygen at a high rate, but for several hundred million years the iron dissolved in the oceans would have served as a buffer for the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere, reacting with the gas and precipitating it as ferric oxides almost as quickly as it was generated.
One thing the scientist may have missed here is the fact that iron and dust from space during the Precambrian planet-building phase near our sun’s birthplace in Orion may account for some of the dissolved iron in the oceans. After our sun was captured by the Sirius trinary (multiple star-system) it passed through several oort clouds that may have imparted additional iron and salt to fertilize Earth’s oceans. The salt would have sped up the oxidation of the iron. Scientist aren’t sure where all the salt came from on earth and our capture by the Sirius and Procyon multiple star cluster would explain it.
Sirius B was a six-solar-mass star before it shrunk down into a white dwarf of 1.5 solar masses. That means there was 4.5 solar masses of iron and other material injected into the surrounding oort cloud of Sirius A. In addition Procyon B, currently 10.4 light years away also injected considerable iron into the neighborhood. Of course none of these stellar explosions could have happened while our sun was in the neighborhood otherwise we wouldn’t be here.
Only when our solar system traveled away from its birthplace in Orion and the oceans had been swept free of unoxidized iron and similar material would the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere have begun to rise toward modern levels.
Much still remains uncertain regarding the evidence from the fossil record. Modern biochemistry from geology and mineralogy make possible a tentative outline for the history of Precambrian life.
Much is also uncertain about the fossil record of human evolution as well. After the mapping of the human genome scientists noticed large segments of human DNA that seemed totally unrelated to the development of a human—that is, until they started to compare these segments with other animals. They experienced the most astounding thing—the shock of a lifetime. Segments of the so-called “junk DNA” were identical to pig, cow, horse and even bacterial DNA. Humans obviously evolved on this planet and are related to most every animal on the planet including bacteria. Without bacteria we couldn’t digest our food. We carry around billions of bacteria in order to live. We share a symbiotic relationship with most everything on Earth—especially the diatoms which at the major producer of free oxygen.
Undersea volcanoes responsible for Al Gore's mythical human-caused, GW.
The aveage temperature on earth is currently 32 degree faharenheit. All previous geologic ages Earth had a temperature range from 60 to 85 degrees.
GW NUTS DON’T HAVE TO WORRY. JUST WAIT FOR THE NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION. VOLCANOES SPEW MUCH MORE CO2 THAN HUMANS EVER COULD.
I am aware of the recent small reported rise in Co2 attributed to industrialization but how do we know it isn't some disinformation project to hire regulatory bureaucrats to take away what little freedom we have left? I don’t know how you could even classify Co2 as a green house gas when it makes up only .033 % of the atmosphere. It is a trace gas! The data is based on a .48 degree rise since the 1950’s whereas each time a volcano erupts it lowers global temperatures .6 degrees.
Shutting down agriculture and big business by forcing them to scrub carbon out of the air isn’t the answer because it would cause millions of people to freeze and starve to death. When you talk about having us, the public pay for scrubbing the carbon out of the air and pumping it underground using more crude oil to do so that gets really invasive.
The answer to stopping the vast majority of the human released of CO2 and C2O2 is very simple. Stop burning things. We have geothermal, wind, tide, solar, water power and hydrogen sources of energy that don't consume oxygen. You can’t use crude oil or coal energy to pump CO2 underground. That is the “ultimate stupidity.”
It is obvious that if we keep on burning things the oxygen will eventually be depleted. Earth has already lost 99% if its atmosphere from a high of 1450 pounds per square inch down to 14.5 PSI at sea level. The biggest producers of free oxygen are already gone. Half the plankton in the oceans is missing. Half the rain forest is gone. I could go on wining about these things but it doesn’t solve the problem. The answer to the problem is simple. Use more solar, wind, geothermal, tidal energy and burn things with H2O2. This stuff can be made with surplus wind, tide and solar energy.
FYI: Co2 is plant food. If you take it away the whole earth will starve to death. The biggest producers of CO2 are volcanoes. When the big one blew up in the Philippians, Krakatau lowered global temperatures several degrees due to the dust thrown up in the upper atmosphere blocking sunlight and cooling the whole Earth .6 degrees.
With the development of deep diving submarines scientists count many more undersea vent than they expected. Estimates of the number of undersea vents along the Ring Of Fire is more than one million with three million world-wide releasing CO2 into the oceans making them more acid. The heat generated is causing ocean currents to change thereby affecting the climate.
Canwest News Service 25 June 2008:
ARCTIC SEABED AFIRE WITH LAVA-SPEWING VOLCANOES.
The arctic seabed is as explosive geologically as it is politically, judged by the “fountains” of gas and molten lava that have been blasting out of underwater volcanoes near the North Pole.
Explosive volatile discharge has clearly been a widespread, and ongoing, process,” according to an international team that sent unmanned probes to the strange, fiery world beneath the Arctic Ice.”
The team returned with images and data showing the red-hot magma has been rising from deep inside the Earth and has blown the tops of dozens of submarine volcanoes, four kilometers below the ice.”
“Jets or fountains of material were probably blasted one, maybe even two, kilometers up into the water,” says geologist Robert Sohn, of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who led the expedition.”
The team explored the volcanoes last summer as the Russians were planting a flag on the nearby sea floor, triggering an international flap over ownership of the seabed.”
The 1,800-kilometer-long ridge, which cuts across the Arctic from Greenland to Siberia, is in international waters. It is one of the planet’s “spreading” ridges where molten rock rises up form inside the Earth, creating new crust.”
In the valley where to two crustal plates are coming apart, which is about 12 kilometers across, they found dozens of distinctive, flat-topped volcanoes that appear to have erupted in 1999, producing the layer of dark, smoky, volcanic glass on the seabed.”
Such undersea volcanic activity could very well be causing the arctic ice packs to melt thereby causing scientists and others intent on societal manipulation to blame human release of CO2. Al Gore made millions selling ficticous carbon credits. Watch out for the coming GW regulatory bureaucrats!
VOLCANOES HAVE THE BIGGEST AFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE.
The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are not the only factors influencing climate. Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide and ash into the atmosphere. Aerosol particles injected into the stratosphere can result in climate changes lasting up to several years. Observed climatic responses to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption have included tropospheric cooling, stratospheric warming, and an overall drop of about 0.5°C in the global average surface temperature.
The IPCC base their whole theory of global warming on a global temperature rise of .48 degrees C over a period of five decades and are blaming it on the human release of aerosol gases and the trace gas CO2. Do you see the disparity here?
“There are not yet comprehensive estimates of how the effects of changes in aerosol concentrations, changes in land cover and land use, and changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases will combine with natural influences to alter the global climate. Examination of the temperature record of the last 100 years does show a warming of about 0.5°C, only temporarily reversed recently by the volcanic influence of Mt. Pinatubo, suggesting that the enhanced greenhouse effect is exerting the primary influence. The fact that this warming is somewhat less and different in timing than that predicted by computer models emphasizes the need for continuing research directed toward gaining a better understanding of both human and natural influences such as solar variability on the climate system.” –Global Cooling Google search.
“It is estimated that when Mount Pinatubo erupted the ash spread in the upper atmosphere lowering global temperatures .5 degrees C. Mount Pinatubo, active volcano in the Philippines, in the central part of the island of Luzon, at the juncture of Tarlac, Zambales, and Pampanga provinces. Mount Pinatubo is almost 90 km (55 mi) north of Manila and about 24 km (about 16 mi) east of Angeles, where the United States Air Force Base known as the Clark Air Base was located. Until 1991, Mount Pinatubo was classified as inactive because it had been dormant for at least 600 years. In June and July of that year, the volcano erupted several times, throwing millions of tons of ash and other volcanic material over 15,000 m (almost 50,000 ft) high into the atmosphere. Much of this volcanic material spread around the world in the upper atmosphere. Locally, the ash reached a depth of more than 3 m (10 ft). Heavy tropical rains turned the ash to mud and triggered massive mudslides. By late August 1991 it was estimated that 550 people had died because of the eruption and its aftermath. In addition, more than 650,000 people had lost their livelihood, and 100,000 hectares (almost 250,000 acres) of agricultural land had been devastated. The ash covered nearby Clark Air Base and sped up the U.S. pullout from Clark, which was until 1991 one of the largest U.S. Air Force bases outside of the United States. Mount Pinatubo erupted again in August 1992, causing more destruction. Mount Pinatubo is 1,780 m (5,840 ft) high.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
“Krakatau, also Krakatoa or Rakata, small volcanic island, southwestern Indonesia, in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra. Until the night of August 26-27, 1883, Krakatau had an area of 47 sq km (18 sq mi); at that time, a volcanic eruption and its consequent explosions destroyed most of the island, so the present area is only 15 sq km (6 sq mi). The eruption produced huge ocean waves called tsunamis that reached an estimated height of 30 m (100 ft) and traveled 13,000 km (8,000 mi); these waves drowned about 34,000 people along the coasts of Java and Sumatra and destroyed incalculable amounts of property. In addition, pyroclastic flows of hot volcanic ash traveled more than 40 km (25 mi) across the surface of the sea and fatally burned at least 2,000 people. An explosion in the eruption series produced one of the loudest noises in history; it was heard at a distance of 4,800 km (3,000 mi). The material ejected was in the form of fine dust, which was diffused by aerial currents throughout the upper atmosphere; for three years thereafter, observers all over the world reported brilliant colorations of sunrise and sunset, caused by the refraction of the rays of the sun by these tiny particles. The island displayed volcanic activity again in 1927, and the inhabitants were evacuated; the island is now uninhabited. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
When Novarupta erupted making a crater three miles wide it dumped six-feet of ash on Kodiak Island and over a foot of ash on the city of Anchorage Alaska 250 miles to the Northeast lowering global temperatures three degrees. It too lowered global temperatures .5 degrees C.
Katmai National Park and Preserve, southwestern Alaska, established as a national monument 1918, as a national park 1980. Located on the northeastern coast of the Alaska Peninsula, the park contains Katmai Volcano (2,047 m/6,716 ft), Novarupta Volcano, and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. In June 1912 the newly formed Novarupta erupted violently, blowing off the entire mountaintop and showering volcanic ash over Kodiak Island and much of the Alaska mainland. The eruption formed the ash-filled Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and probably drained molten material from beneath the peak of nearby Katmai, causing the collapse of its top and forming a large crater. When a National Geographic Society expedition discovered the valley in 1916, they found numerous fumaroles (vents issuing gases and steam), only a few of which remain. Katmai crater, about 5 km (about 3 mi) wide and about 1,130 m (about 3,700 ft) deep, is lined with glaciers, some of which flow into the blue-green lake on its floor.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Volcanoes release more CO2 than humans ever could! 90% of what comes out of volcanoes is CO2 and the climate gets cold afterwards!
Again, the IPCC bases their whole theory of global warming on a global temperature rise of .48 degrees C over five decades and are blaming it on the human release of aerosol gases and the trace gas .033% CO2. Argon from the decay of potassium isotopes in the rocks makes up 1% of our atmosphere. Shouldn’t the GW nuts be using carbon fuels to pump argon underground? Do you see the disparity here? The temperature on Earth has steadily been getting warmer as it recovers from the Little Ice Age and numerous volcanic eruptions that have been keeping the climate cold. Each of the large volcanic eruptions lowered global temperatures .6 degrees.
The present average temperature on earth is 32 degrees F. During all past geologic ages when the coal, oil and limestone were gown from CO2 the temperature on Earth was 50 to 60 degrees.
Increasing the plant food CO2 and melting glaciers makes more land available for people to live and grow food.
www.GuardDogBooks.com www.AlaskaPublishing.com
GW NUTS DON’T HAVE TO WORRY. JUST WAIT FOR THE NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION. VOLCANOES SPEW MUCH MORE CO2 THAN HUMANS EVER COULD.
I am aware of the recent small reported rise in Co2 attributed to industrialization but how do we know it isn't some disinformation project to hire regulatory bureaucrats to take away what little freedom we have left? I don’t know how you could even classify Co2 as a green house gas when it makes up only .033 % of the atmosphere. It is a trace gas! The data is based on a .48 degree rise since the 1950’s whereas each time a volcano erupts it lowers global temperatures .6 degrees.
Shutting down agriculture and big business by forcing them to scrub carbon out of the air isn’t the answer because it would cause millions of people to freeze and starve to death. When you talk about having us, the public pay for scrubbing the carbon out of the air and pumping it underground using more crude oil to do so that gets really invasive.
The answer to stopping the vast majority of the human released of CO2 and C2O2 is very simple. Stop burning things. We have geothermal, wind, tide, solar, water power and hydrogen sources of energy that don't consume oxygen. You can’t use crude oil or coal energy to pump CO2 underground. That is the “ultimate stupidity.”
It is obvious that if we keep on burning things the oxygen will eventually be depleted. Earth has already lost 99% if its atmosphere from a high of 1450 pounds per square inch down to 14.5 PSI at sea level. The biggest producers of free oxygen are already gone. Half the plankton in the oceans is missing. Half the rain forest is gone. I could go on wining about these things but it doesn’t solve the problem. The answer to the problem is simple. Use more solar, wind, geothermal, tidal energy and burn things with H2O2. This stuff can be made with surplus wind, tide and solar energy.
FYI: Co2 is plant food. If you take it away the whole earth will starve to death. The biggest producers of CO2 are volcanoes. When the big one blew up in the Philippians, Krakatau lowered global temperatures several degrees due to the dust thrown up in the upper atmosphere blocking sunlight and cooling the whole Earth .6 degrees.
With the development of deep diving submarines scientists count many more undersea vent than they expected. Estimates of the number of undersea vents along the Ring Of Fire is more than one million with three million world-wide releasing CO2 into the oceans making them more acid. The heat generated is causing ocean currents to change thereby affecting the climate.
Canwest News Service 25 June 2008:
ARCTIC SEABED AFIRE WITH LAVA-SPEWING VOLCANOES.
The arctic seabed is as explosive geologically as it is politically, judged by the “fountains” of gas and molten lava that have been blasting out of underwater volcanoes near the North Pole.
Explosive volatile discharge has clearly been a widespread, and ongoing, process,” according to an international team that sent unmanned probes to the strange, fiery world beneath the Arctic Ice.”
The team returned with images and data showing the red-hot magma has been rising from deep inside the Earth and has blown the tops of dozens of submarine volcanoes, four kilometers below the ice.”
“Jets or fountains of material were probably blasted one, maybe even two, kilometers up into the water,” says geologist Robert Sohn, of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who led the expedition.”
The team explored the volcanoes last summer as the Russians were planting a flag on the nearby sea floor, triggering an international flap over ownership of the seabed.”
The 1,800-kilometer-long ridge, which cuts across the Arctic from Greenland to Siberia, is in international waters. It is one of the planet’s “spreading” ridges where molten rock rises up form inside the Earth, creating new crust.”
In the valley where to two crustal plates are coming apart, which is about 12 kilometers across, they found dozens of distinctive, flat-topped volcanoes that appear to have erupted in 1999, producing the layer of dark, smoky, volcanic glass on the seabed.”
Such undersea volcanic activity could very well be causing the arctic ice packs to melt thereby causing scientists and others intent on societal manipulation to blame human release of CO2. Al Gore made millions selling ficticous carbon credits. Watch out for the coming GW regulatory bureaucrats!
VOLCANOES HAVE THE BIGGEST AFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE.
The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are not the only factors influencing climate. Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide and ash into the atmosphere. Aerosol particles injected into the stratosphere can result in climate changes lasting up to several years. Observed climatic responses to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption have included tropospheric cooling, stratospheric warming, and an overall drop of about 0.5°C in the global average surface temperature.
The IPCC base their whole theory of global warming on a global temperature rise of .48 degrees C over a period of five decades and are blaming it on the human release of aerosol gases and the trace gas CO2. Do you see the disparity here?
“There are not yet comprehensive estimates of how the effects of changes in aerosol concentrations, changes in land cover and land use, and changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases will combine with natural influences to alter the global climate. Examination of the temperature record of the last 100 years does show a warming of about 0.5°C, only temporarily reversed recently by the volcanic influence of Mt. Pinatubo, suggesting that the enhanced greenhouse effect is exerting the primary influence. The fact that this warming is somewhat less and different in timing than that predicted by computer models emphasizes the need for continuing research directed toward gaining a better understanding of both human and natural influences such as solar variability on the climate system.” –Global Cooling Google search.
“It is estimated that when Mount Pinatubo erupted the ash spread in the upper atmosphere lowering global temperatures .5 degrees C. Mount Pinatubo, active volcano in the Philippines, in the central part of the island of Luzon, at the juncture of Tarlac, Zambales, and Pampanga provinces. Mount Pinatubo is almost 90 km (55 mi) north of Manila and about 24 km (about 16 mi) east of Angeles, where the United States Air Force Base known as the Clark Air Base was located. Until 1991, Mount Pinatubo was classified as inactive because it had been dormant for at least 600 years. In June and July of that year, the volcano erupted several times, throwing millions of tons of ash and other volcanic material over 15,000 m (almost 50,000 ft) high into the atmosphere. Much of this volcanic material spread around the world in the upper atmosphere. Locally, the ash reached a depth of more than 3 m (10 ft). Heavy tropical rains turned the ash to mud and triggered massive mudslides. By late August 1991 it was estimated that 550 people had died because of the eruption and its aftermath. In addition, more than 650,000 people had lost their livelihood, and 100,000 hectares (almost 250,000 acres) of agricultural land had been devastated. The ash covered nearby Clark Air Base and sped up the U.S. pullout from Clark, which was until 1991 one of the largest U.S. Air Force bases outside of the United States. Mount Pinatubo erupted again in August 1992, causing more destruction. Mount Pinatubo is 1,780 m (5,840 ft) high.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
“Krakatau, also Krakatoa or Rakata, small volcanic island, southwestern Indonesia, in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra. Until the night of August 26-27, 1883, Krakatau had an area of 47 sq km (18 sq mi); at that time, a volcanic eruption and its consequent explosions destroyed most of the island, so the present area is only 15 sq km (6 sq mi). The eruption produced huge ocean waves called tsunamis that reached an estimated height of 30 m (100 ft) and traveled 13,000 km (8,000 mi); these waves drowned about 34,000 people along the coasts of Java and Sumatra and destroyed incalculable amounts of property. In addition, pyroclastic flows of hot volcanic ash traveled more than 40 km (25 mi) across the surface of the sea and fatally burned at least 2,000 people. An explosion in the eruption series produced one of the loudest noises in history; it was heard at a distance of 4,800 km (3,000 mi). The material ejected was in the form of fine dust, which was diffused by aerial currents throughout the upper atmosphere; for three years thereafter, observers all over the world reported brilliant colorations of sunrise and sunset, caused by the refraction of the rays of the sun by these tiny particles. The island displayed volcanic activity again in 1927, and the inhabitants were evacuated; the island is now uninhabited. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
When Novarupta erupted making a crater three miles wide it dumped six-feet of ash on Kodiak Island and over a foot of ash on the city of Anchorage Alaska 250 miles to the Northeast lowering global temperatures three degrees. It too lowered global temperatures .5 degrees C.
Katmai National Park and Preserve, southwestern Alaska, established as a national monument 1918, as a national park 1980. Located on the northeastern coast of the Alaska Peninsula, the park contains Katmai Volcano (2,047 m/6,716 ft), Novarupta Volcano, and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. In June 1912 the newly formed Novarupta erupted violently, blowing off the entire mountaintop and showering volcanic ash over Kodiak Island and much of the Alaska mainland. The eruption formed the ash-filled Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and probably drained molten material from beneath the peak of nearby Katmai, causing the collapse of its top and forming a large crater. When a National Geographic Society expedition discovered the valley in 1916, they found numerous fumaroles (vents issuing gases and steam), only a few of which remain. Katmai crater, about 5 km (about 3 mi) wide and about 1,130 m (about 3,700 ft) deep, is lined with glaciers, some of which flow into the blue-green lake on its floor.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Volcanoes release more CO2 than humans ever could! 90% of what comes out of volcanoes is CO2 and the climate gets cold afterwards!
Again, the IPCC bases their whole theory of global warming on a global temperature rise of .48 degrees C over five decades and are blaming it on the human release of aerosol gases and the trace gas .033% CO2. Argon from the decay of potassium isotopes in the rocks makes up 1% of our atmosphere. Shouldn’t the GW nuts be using carbon fuels to pump argon underground? Do you see the disparity here? The temperature on Earth has steadily been getting warmer as it recovers from the Little Ice Age and numerous volcanic eruptions that have been keeping the climate cold. Each of the large volcanic eruptions lowered global temperatures .6 degrees.
The present average temperature on earth is 32 degrees F. During all past geologic ages when the coal, oil and limestone were gown from CO2 the temperature on Earth was 50 to 60 degrees.
Increasing the plant food CO2 and melting glaciers makes more land available for people to live and grow food.
www.GuardDogBooks.com www.AlaskaPublishing.com
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
